Check Up: So far, very little flu


CDC Director Gerberding Gives Green Light to G...
CDC Director Gerberding Gives Green Light to Gardasil then Goes to Work for Merck (g1a2d0049c1) (Photo credit: watchingfrogsboil)

Check Up: So far, very little flu

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has confirmed what you already guessed: This has been a remarkably mild flu season.
The influenza virus likes cold weather, so infections normally occur from October through March. But technically, the flu season doesn’t start until labs that test respiratory swabs from sick people find the virus in more than 10 percent of the samples.
This season, that threshold wasn’t reached until the week ended Feb. 11, making this the kindest flu spell in 29 years.
Pennsylvania, for example, had only 80 confirmed cases in all of January – barely more than one achy, feverish, nauseated citizen per county.
What’s going on?
No one really knows.
“With flu, everything is unpredictable,” said immunologist Scott Hensley, a flu expert at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia. “I don’t think we’re out of the woods; it could just be a delayed season.”
Then again, maybe the flu has been as scarce as snow because snow has been scarce.
“Flu is more easily transmitted in colder temperatures. This has been a mild winter,” Hensley said.
Another theory is that the population has high levels of immunity to the influenza strains now circulating, which include the one that caused the 2009 “swine flu” pandemic. Because the strains have been so stable, people have had time to develop antibodies against them. Vaccination has also boosted immunity.
Although Hensley subscribes to this theory, he adds a caveat: “If that’s true . . . the virus will start mutating” to evade human defenses. “A novel strain might emerge in the next couple of months.”
While there’s no room for complacency, let us celebrate the signs, monitored by the CDC, that the flu has given the nation a respite:
One person per 100,000 has been hospitalized with the flu since October. That’s a 95 percent drop from last season’s rate of 22 people per 100,000.
Only 1 percent to 2 percent of visits to doctors since October have been for flulike illness. The usual rate is 3 percent to 8 percent.
This flu season, there have been three flu-related deaths among children, compared with 122 pediatric deaths last season – and 348 during the 2009 pandemic.
– Marie McCullough

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Effect of early intensive multifactorial therapy on 5-year cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes detected by screening (ADDITION-Europe): a cluster-randomised trial


Age-standardised disability-adjusted life year...                          Image via WikipediaGriffin SJ, Borch-Johnsen K, Davies MJ, et al. Effect of early intensive multifactorial therapy on 5-year cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes detected by screening (ADDITION-Europe): a cluster-randomised trialLancet. 2011 Jun 24. (Original) PMID: 21705063


BACKGROUND: Intensive treatment of multiple cardiovascular risk factors can halve mortality among people with established type 2 diabetes. We investigated the effect of early multifactorial treatment after diagnosis by screening.
METHODS: In a pragmatic, cluster-randomised, parallel-group trial done in Denmark, the Netherlands, and the UK, 343 general practices were randomly assigned screening of registered patients aged 40-69 years without known diabetes followed by routine care of diabetes or screening followed by intensive treatment of multiple risk factors. The primary endpoint was first cardiovascular event, including cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, revascularisation, and non-traumatic amputation within 5 years. Patients and staff assessing outcomes were unaware of the practice`s study group assignment. Analysis was done by intention to treat. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00237549.
FINDINGS: Primary endpoint data were available for 3055 (99.9%) of 3057 screen-detected patients. The mean age was 60.3 (SD 6.9) years and the mean duration of follow-up was 5.3 (SD 1.6) years. Improvements in cardiovascular risk factors (HbA(1c) and cholesterol concentrations and blood pressure) were slightly but significantly better in the intensive treatment group. The incidence of first cardiovascular event was 7.2% (13.5 per 1000 person-years) in the intensive treatment group and 8.5% (15.9 per 1000 person-years) in the routine care group (hazard ratio 0.83, 95% CI 0.65-1.05), and of all-cause mortality 6.2% (11.6 per 1000 person-years) and 6.7% (12.5 per 1000 person-years; 0.91, 0.69-1.21), respectively.
INTERPRETATION: An intervention to promote early intensive management of patients with type 2 diabetes was associated with a small, non-significant reduction in the incidence of cardiovascular events and death.
FUNDING: National Health Service Denmark, Danish Council for Strategic Research, Danish Research Foundation for General Practice, Danish Centre for Evaluation and Health Technology Assessment, Danish National Board of Health, Danish Medical Research Council, Aarhus University Research Foundation, Wellcome Trust, UK Medical Research Council, UK NIHR Health Technology Assessment Programme, UK National Health Service R&D, UK National Institute for Health Research, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Novo Nordisk, Astra, Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, Servier, HemoCue, Merck.